The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? Domestic violence is a destructive issue that is very common and affects many Americans today. Abuse can occur in heterosexual couples and in gay or lesbian relationships as well. These actions can occur within all ages, all ethnic backgrounds, and all income levels. Domestic violence has no boundaries when it comes to personal features. It is disastrous for the batterer and the battered. Abuse is a tragic occurrence and can be fatal. One in four women are abused by their partner and nearly more than 10 million people are abused every year. There are multiple types of domestic violence including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological /emotional abuse, intimidation, verbal abuse, and economic abuse. These are all serious forms of abuse and do not overpower one another. Domestic violence is any consistent violent or aggressive behavior towards another person that takes place within the home, this effects couples, siblings, parents, or any other people that live within the home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence" essay for you Create order The cause of domestic violence could be unknown, or the person may just feel the need to control the other person because they are better. Abuse can affect anyone including, babies, little kids, teenagers, young adults, women, men, and elderly women/men, however women are proven to be affected the most. Many sources state that the abuser may feel the need to control the other person due to lack of self-esteem, serious jealousy issues, difficulties in regulating anger, psychological disorders, or other strong emotions. People could have mental illnesses that cause them to think as if they are inferior the other person such as bipolar disorder, depression, psychopathy, narcissism, PTSD, or undiagnosed personality disorders. More than 57 million people in the United States (18 and older) suffer from a mental illness. Over 50% of women who live with a mental illness have previously experienced some sort of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse (either during childhood or adulthood), (Trauma). However, there are multiple types of abusive behavior including coercion, isolation, intimidation, economic prevention, or use of children (threatening to take them away, using visitation for other reasons, criticizing the others way of parenting). Children who grew up in homes containing violence, often develop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) due to the trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder may last months or possibly years, symptoms may include extreme nightmares, sleep paralysis, intense flashbacks, anxiety, or a constant depressed mood. It typically affects people within the ages of 19 and older. These people learn to treat women with little respect and handle their anger in violent ways, which makes domestic abuse more common and repetitive. It is often passed down through generations. Alcohol and drugs can also contribute to this behavior. A drunk or high person is less likely to control their violent actions towards their partner/victim. People may act like this and have this behavior because it is meant to scare, physically harm, or control the other person. However, some religions believe that abuse is just and okay. The followers of these religions believe that they have the right to control their partner and that women are not equal to men. Some religions still practice human sacrifice. They believe it is okay to kill people and animals for God. People also learn from others in the community or any other cultural influences as they grow up. Violence in a home doesnt only affect the people in the home but the others around too. It sets an example for children that these actions are okay and acceptable behavior. They may view these actions are normal and causing no harm. Studies prove that harmful behavior is caused by interaction of situational and individual factors. This meaning, abusers inherit these actions from family members growing up, and some abusers will even admit they witnessed abuse in their community or home growing up. The denomination could be in the form of sexual, emotional, or physical abuse. However, no cause of the violence justifies the action or makes it in any way acceptable. Domestic violence often escalates from verbal threats, arguing and verbal fights to violence. There are ways to gather whether you or someone else may be suffering from domestic violence at home. Abuse could begin with behaviors such as possessiveness, name calling, threats, or distrust. The abuser may apologize after fights profusely and claim it was out of love and not intended to hurt the person. Some abusive tendencies include accusing the victim of cheating, telling the victim they cant do anything right, showing jealousy over the victims family and friends, embarrassing/shaming the victim, controlling every penny they spend, forcing or pressuring the victim to take drugs or alcohol, threatening to hurt, kill, or take away their children, or intimidation with weapons such as guns and knives. Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation, denial and blame are common signs of domestic violence as well. Domestic violence isnt always physical violence. Emotional or psychological abuse can be just as worse and even more severe than physical violence. Often examples of physical violence are hitting, slapping, strangling, kicking, pushing, biting, and engaging in forced sexual acts. Unfair blame put on the victim is very common in violent relationships. This could lead to emotional abuse; common examples are making someone feel mentally insane and crazy and causing them to blame themselves for the abuse. The violence doesnt always end when the victim escapes the abuser or tries to seek help. Overall, Domestic violence is a problem that needs to be emphasized and there are ways that we can try and prevent this from reoccurring. Stated in the text above, there are many causes of domestic violence, some being preventable and some you cannot do anything about prior to. However, doing thigs such as discovering mental illnesses and reporting suspicious behavior when you see it, could save someones life. Domestic violence is any behavior that the purpose is to gain power and control over another person in a relationship. These actions can lead to horrible things such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal behaviors.

Essay about United States Army and Homosexuality Tolerance

United States Army and Homosexuality Tolerance Abstract This integrated portfolio project will explore the United States Army position on homosexuals within its confines. It will briefly define what homosexuality and its affect on the military environment. It will explore the problems it causes and why it is a cultural discomfort within the U.S. Armed Forces. Additionally, it will reveal different attitudes held within the services and divulge steps that are taken to deal with those attitudes. Finally, it will provide a synopsis of the probable future disposition of the homosexual in the military. US Army and the Homosexual propensity Introduction Indeed, the societal†¦show more content†¦(U.S Army, 1999) In 1993, Congress made a finding that any engagement, attempts to engage in or soliciting another to engage in homosexual acts is grounds for discharge from the military. It was decided those who have demonstrated a tendency to engage in homosexual acts creates an unacceptable risk to morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion. Therefore, the long-standing element of military law that prohibits homosexual conduct continues to be necessary in the unique circumstances of military service. It was at the discretion of Congress that applicants should not be asked about homosexuality as part of the processing of individuals entering into the Armed Forces, which were deemed by the Secretary of Defense that such questions are necessary. Applicants for military service are no longer asked about their sexual orientation. The Army policy became a balance of the legal prohibition of homosexual conduct while maintaining the privacy rights of soldiers. The issue of gays in the military has been a hot political issue ever since the beginning of Dont Ask, Dont Tell. Normally, liberals sought to allow gays to openly serve in the armed forces, while conservativesShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage and Other Issues Surrounding the LGBT Community Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pageswe outlaw hate?† Elton John once said, â€Å"There is nothing wrong with going to bed with someone of your own sex. People should be very free with sex, they should draw the line at goats.† This quote shows the minority opinion when dealing with homosexuality or homosexual marriage. To better understand the reason for such prejudice against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community, we must first explore the history that surrounds it. Until the late nineteenth century, there wereRead MoreIs Sports Just A Proxy For Politics?1886 Words   |  8 Pagesagendas have crept their way into becoming the central focus of sports. It’s to the point where a sport is no longer focused on athleticism, but political views. At least five political issues that have been politicized: Olympics, race, religion, homosexuality, and gender. The political proxies in sports have gradually increased in recent years due to increasing political exposure and agendas. Female athletes were most likely the first to confront political discrimination. In the early 20th century,Read MoreThe First Continental Army : A New Form Of Military1088 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1775, the United States established their first Continental Army. In 1787, after the defeat of the British in the Revolutionary war, the Constitution we know today was rewritten and a new form of military arose in 1789. One would think a lot of change would happen within 200 years, but between then and 2010, all derivative branches were pretty much stuck in the same way; they didn’t allow women into all positions, they don’t have a national armed-forces day, and they didn’t have†¦ openly gay peopleRead MoreJazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesturned his eye away from the United States in order to examine the effects jazz had on German culture during the years of swing popularity. In his introduction, Kater explains the state of Jazz in Germany during the Weimar Republic, prior the rise of National Socialism. The Republican years in the country have gained a reputation as being a time of hedonistic excess (especially in certain cities, i.e. Berlin), including sexual promiscuity and the tolerance of homosexuality. Along with the sociallyRead MoreDealing with Social Conflicts in the Military3182 Words   |  13 Pagesdisagree about their perceptions, desires, ideas or values. Regardless of the substance of the disagreement, conflict arouses strong feelings. The population s tolerance for reinterpretation of institutional values, beliefs, norms and ethics rose significantly due to significant changes in American social norms in the 20th Century. This tolerance, in conjunction with a transition to the primacy of personal rights over institutional needs has resulted in a society where the good of the many has becomeRead MoreThe Development Of Diverse Sexual Orientation2424 Words   |  10 Pageslegal sense of the concept of civil marriage, at the same time with a religious sense of the conc ept of religious marriage. In the modern secular state, two concepts belong to fall under the jurisdiction of the state and the church; In the same country, some marriages, such as heretics, different RACES, same-sex marriage, could only by the state or church party admit, but the other party does not admit, or certain church admits, but certain church not admitted. 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The Society is a collection of anointed males at the Brooklyn NY headquarters. Currently, the group consists of 11 members. UnderneathRead MoreCat On A Hot Tin Roof And James Baldwin s Giovanni s Room3822 Words   |  16 PagesThroughout the 1950’s, the United States belonged to the Leave It To Beaver era. Families were structured around a strong, hard working father and a wonderful homemaker mother. Children were brought up with solid ideologies on what society expects from them and were warned about living a different and dangerous life. Only one-year separates Tennessee William’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and James Baldwin’s Giovanni’s Room from there publishing dates during this decade of unwavering beliefs. These textsRead More Life in Kenya Essay3469 Words   |  14 Pagesits educational system by building more schools. Tourism in Kenya has expanded since 1963. People travel to Kenya because it is such a beautiful country and has the most spectacular wild life. I attended African night here at Saint Cloud State University and saw beautiful native clothing and tasted many wonderful foods. During the evening the guest speaker Dr. Richard Tweneboah spoke about the AIDS epidemic and how it was affecting Africa. You can not think of Kenya without thinking

Learning Organization Journal of Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theLearning Organizationfor Journal of Business Communication. Answer: Introduction In this article, the author highlights the importance of upholding and availing rules and guidelines that would make management easier. He also highlights the actions that can be implemented with the aim of assisting in the development of a learning organization. The essay aims at finding answers to critical questions normally raised by managers. This entails defining an organization by outlining benefits of the environment and possible actions to be carried out to in order to present the environment as an arena for learning in addition to the achievement of other organizational goals (Barker and Camarata, 2008). The authors main area of focus is on the level to which an organization may establish an appropriate environment for growth and development of then workers through a careful management of the various organizational tranistions. Objectives A learning organization is one equipped with acquisition, creation and transfer of knowledge in addition to the ability to modify behavior to improve the effectiveness of workers towards the achievement of goals. The author had the following objectives: To develop and depict an organization as a type of a learning environment. This aids in focusing on some of the details on building a successful learning organization. This aspect depicts an organization as a learning environment. To identify the various management approaches used by organizations, this singles them out from other organizations. Research indicates that the success of an organization is largely tied on the effectiveness with which the human resource is managed To identify and discuss supportive organizational designs needed for proper organizational performance. This approach involves describing the effective elements which curve out an organization as a learning environment. To identify and discuss key competencies of employees. These abilities form the basis of an organizations performance and ability to achieve goals. Approach These are philosophical axioms or correlative assumptions used to develop the theme of an article. It is simply a way of dealing with something. Dr. Swee C. Goh has used an approach of asking and answering questions. By asking what a learning organization is, he defines his starting point and the goals if the essay. A second approach used is by asking whether the goals intended to be achieved by the organization are long term or short term (Bernhard, 2008). Being a long-term result oriented, the company develops a competitive edge as time goes by and therefore needs consistency in the management approaches, effort as well as commitment. The other approach is reviewing a set of published articles and books in the learning organization. In his approach of trying to answer questions, companies like Motorola, Honda, Sony and Nortel among others were used as cites to confirm that organizations maximize their competitive levels during good financial periods and carefully manage them when the organization is experiencing challenges. This makes them to be highly envied by their competitors. Summary of Methodology This is the practical aspect of gathering information and finding solutions. The findings from the article reveal the fact that the author used various methodological approaches in obtaining, analysis and interpreting data. First the author used survey which involved studying of sample companies. The research used Motorola, shell, xerox, was mart, British petroleum, Honda, Nortel and analog devices. The information from the cited companies was used to answer tactical questions and draw effective conclusions. The second approach involved review of relevant literature. In order to address the research question, the author performed a literature review of various books and articles comprising research which handled the aspect of organizational learning. By analyzing books of different researchers like David Garvin, Senge, Mohrman, and Kiernan on the same issue, a well detailed conclusion was drawn (Carliss, 2000). The third approach was the use of direct interviews. He conducted interviews with the senior managers and engaged them into detailed discussions to gather information. This was effective as he was able to gather the first hand information and see for himself from the ground. There was also the use of questionnaires and direct interaction with the employees. Focusing on the employees and getting feedback from them was paramount on his findings. According to my understanding, he could have given the questionnaires to the employees and analyzed the feedback he got from them or he could engage them in one in one discussions. Essential Conclusions From his findings, he concluded that organizational learning is a possible process hence those who learn more tend to succeed more in their endeavors (Cohen, 2008). In order to enhance the learning environment, the managers may be required to set up specific approaches and conditions. This may involve management of human resource through transfer of knowledge as well as an adequate sharing of the key organizational goals with the employees. Such approaches improve learning in an organization (Cohen and Sproull, 2009). To enhance learning, an organization needs to identify and uphold the internal drivers. Five core strategic building blocks can be argued from this review as was concluded by majority of the writers and researchers. Although they are represented as different entities, the building blocks are interdependent and mutually support one another. First of all, the organizational mission as well as its vision ought to be as clear as possible. The employees are therefore required to not only uphold the values and strategies but also support them (Easterby-Smith, Crossan and Nicolini, 2000). This strategy building block ensures that the employees extend themselves to take responsibilities and apply their special talents A good organizational structure would ensure that the day to day activities are properly aligned to the key goals and objectives of the organization. The second aspect involves sharing of leadership. This approach empowers the employees and enhances the establishment of a good culture. The employees are motivated to take risk and be in a position to deal with the uncertainties associated with business operation (Huber, 2009). This needs managers to be seen as coaches not controllers. When leadership is shared, the aspect of rank does not particularly affect operations. Through this approach, the leaders are required to offer the employees adequate information to aid in the identification of opportunities (Papa, Daniels and Spiker, 2008). Leaders should accept criticism willingly without taking any offense. Dr. Goh concluded that leadership should involve employees in decision making. This is seen in the Motel Company which frequently trains and organizes workshops for the employees. The managers also participated fully in these workshops, interact freely with the employees and solicit ideas and inputs from them. The third aspect involves encouraging the employees to experiment and identify viable approaches (Schwandt and Marquardt, 2000). The approach requires an evaluation of the current affairs and identifying the areas in need of adjustments. Managers ought to consistently encourage the employees to bring new ideas into their work in a bid to enhance performance. Consequently, there is need for a culture which supports and rewards experimentations. There is also the aspect of knowledge management. An organization can enhance learning through careful approaches in which knowledge is disseminated and transferred from one employee to another through appropriate platforms (Senge, 2004). This can be achieved through seminars, exhibitions and trainings where the employees interact and exchange knowledge and skills. Benchmarking processes as developed by Xerox are good examples of ways in which knowledge transfer is encouraged. The other aspect involves good team work as well as cooperation from employees. Unity and team work among workers is a key strategic building block. The workers are able to share their skills by collectively taking part in responsibilities. For instance in the Honda Company, employees are training on various areas hence can easily rotate their responsibilities which improves effectiveness. The five strategies discussed above require two major supportive foundations. To begin with, there is need for a proper organizational design. It ought to be clear and simple characterized with less but effective procedures. Research reveals that an organization with a good structure tends to uphold a good learning environment. (Wang and Ahmed, 2003). In addition, an organizational structure which places the employees close to the decision makers enhances motivation and the overall output. This is because the structure allows an easy management flow of information as well as procedures. In a nut shell, the foundational blocks discussed above would work effectively in a flat organizational structure with minimal hierarchical levels. In line with the aspect of competencies and skills of employees, research indicates that these abilities can be adequately harnessed through training and development (Kofman and Senge, 2009). Through training and appropriate opportunities, the employees are given a chance to not only show case their abilities but also improve on individual skills. Conclusion The author highlights the aspects discussed above as key factors which enhance learning in organizations. Their presence is vital in the implementation of the learning capabilities in an organization. The archetypes presented describe specific strategies and foundations building blocks and measurement required to develop an organization as a learning environment. Consequently, managers ought to take the right steps and implement effective approaches which would ensure that learning is enhanced within an organization as much as possible. With proper learning and improvement, an organization raises its competitiveness and hence general performance. References Barker, R. and Camarata, M. (2008) The role of communication in creating and maintaining a learning organization: preconditions, indicators, and disciplines, The Journal of Business Communication, 35 (4), pp. 443-467. Bernhard, H. (2008) Six lessons for the corporate classroom. Harvard Business Review, 66(5), pp. 12-56. Carliss Y. (2000) Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Cohen, M. (2008) Productivity and Efficiency in Human Service Organizations as related to Structure, size and Age. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 21--37. Cohen, M. and Sproull, L. (2009) Introduction: Special Issues on organizational learning. Organisation Science. 2(1), pp. 23-25. Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M., and Nicolini, D. (2000) Organizational learning: debates past, present and future. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (6), pp. 783-796. Huber, G. (2009) Organizational Learning: the contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science. 1(2), pp. 88- 115. Papa, M., Daniels, T. and Spiker, B. (2008) Organizational Communication: Perspectives and Trends. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Schwandt, R. and Marquardt, J. (2000) Organizational Learning. Boca Raton: St. Lucie Press. Senge, P. (2004) The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. New York: Currency Doubleday. Wang, C.L. and Ahmed, P. (2003) Organizational learning: a critical review. The learning organization, 10 (1), pp. 8-17 Kofman, F. and Senge, P. (2009) Communities of commitment: The heart of learning Organizations. Organizational Dynamics. 22 (2), pp. 5 23.

What Should I Write My Astronomy Essay On Example For Students

What Should I Write My Astronomy Essay On ASTRONOMYA New Black HoleScientific AmericanSeptember 13, 2000Evidence that the heavens house a previously unknown type of black hole was reported by scientists yesterday. Data from NASAs Chandra X-Ray Observatory revealed a hole was some 600 light-years from the center of the starburst galaxy M82. The brightness of the x-ray source indicates that this moon-size hole has the mass of at least 500 suns, making it intermediate between stellar black holes and the supermassive black holes found at the centers of galaxies. This opens a whole new field of research, said Martin Ward, a lead author on one of three papers to be published on the subject. No one was sure that such black holes existed, especially outside the centers of galaxies.Earlier data from the Roentgen Satellite and the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics had suggested that M82 might contain a large black hole outside its nucleus, but the Chandra results seal the deal. The new object might have resulted from t he collapse of a hyperstar or the growth of a smaller black hole through mergers with others nearby. Kate Wong SummaryA new unknown type of black hole was discovered on September 12, 2000. It was found to be 600 light-years of the Starburst Galaxy M82. An x-ray source indicates that the moon-size black hole has the mass of at least 500 suns, making it intermediate between stellar black holes and the supermassive black holes found at the center of galaxies (Scientific America, 1). Scientists were shocked at this discovery, for they didnt know that these types of black holes existed. Scientists believe this black hole may have been due to a collapsed hyperstar or the growth of a smaller black hole through mergers with others nearby. We will write a custom essay on What Should I Write My Astronomy On specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ReactionI find this so very fascinating because I can not even fathom how space and galaxies exist. With newer and faster technology, come new discoveries, and I think its great that we have the chance to explore a whole new frontier unlike the one we live on. I am in awe of what is possible today through the means of such a technologically advanced society. To know that people are able to leave our earth completely, in search of bigger and better things, utterly blows my mind. The FutureThrough our discoveries we uncover more and are able to advance due to the information that we accumulate. Our work and discoveries lead to new inventions, which in turn change our lifestyle. Scientists are looking toward the future thinking that some day, we may be able to live in space on another planet, and theyre most likely correct. Technology has come so far, and it will continue to advance, as long as there are people on this earth. CurriculumOur school has an astronomy/space type course, however it could be so much stronger. Considering how 0much information there is to discuss about the planets and galaxies, as well as the discoveries that occur everyday, our course could easily be one of our finest. I believe that a class like this could be very popular and interesting due to the constant evolution of technology. Also if enough money was raised, maybe a planetarium could be built for further research and learning. It is unlikely that this could happen in this scho ol district, however it is an idea that would surely benefit those who enjoy astronomy.

Over the counter drugs and household chemicals essays

Over the counter drugs and household chemicals essays Name 6 over-the-counter products (OTC) that contain: Antihistamines: any of various compounds that counteract histamine in the body and that are used for treating allergic reactions (as hay fever) and cold symptoms (Merriam- Webster Online, 2003). The previous 6 over-the-counter medications are considered antihistamines according to the definition because they all counteract histamine and are typically the choice at the drugstore in the cold Cough Suppressant: this helps with a persistent annoying cough. It acts by suppressing the cough reflex in the throat and lungs so that the mucous or irritation there won't trigger coughing. There are no likely side effects. (AskDrSears.com, 2003). These are considered cough suppressants because they attempt to temporarily relieve the symptoms of cough and dry and itchy results of Nasal Decongestant: help if you suffer from common nasal allergy symptoms such as a stuffy, runny nose and red and watery eyes. These medications are generally available in many forms including pills, liquid- These drugs are considered nasal decongestants because they help to relieve the stuffy nose and head symptoms of common allergies. Antibacterial Drugs: chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections. These are considered antibacterial drugs because they are prescribed by a doctor when a patient has a nasty cold caused by bacteria that can be cured with a chemical derived from mold. Antiviral Drugs: Drugs used to create infections caused by viruses. This is shown most commonly in the every-year flu epidemic. Every ...

buy custom Aggression in the 1930s essay

buy custom Aggression in the 1930s essay The era of economic depression and anxiety was also the time for flourishing intensity of political dictatorship. Civil liberties and democratically elected governments declined rapidly in Europe and some parts of Asia. On the eve of the Second World War, democratically elected governments were only surviving in France, Great Britain, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries and the Low Countries. Elsewhere in Europe and Asia, various kinds of dictators ruled. Brutality and dictatorship seemed to be the wave of the time. Thus the intellectual crisis and the fall of liberal political institutions characterized the general civilization in Europe. This composition examines the various conquests and battles that dominated the various parts of Europe and East Asia and effects these developments. The events of the 1930s provide a disturbing section in the account western civilization. The main development was not only the rise in distinct dynamic and ruthless tyranny but also the revitalization of authoritarian reign. This new form of authoritarian rule reached its full realization in the Nazi Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union. Hitler and Stalin ruled with unprecedented severity and mobilized their troops for enormous atrocities. Hitlers undertakings were directed towards territorial expansion and racial aggression, and his attack on Poland started the world war two in 1939. Although outstanding opportunity for social progression and steady economic recovery won the Nazi support, they were merely the byproducts of the brutal Nazi regime. The unique and basic concepts of the Nazi regime remained race and space- the superiority of the German race and territorial expansion. FRENCH AND BRITISH APPEASEMENT The British government under Neville Chamberlain anticipated the Nazi regimes intention of invading its neighbors. For this, the British and the French governments signed an appeasement agreement with Hitler to avoid future wars. The concept of Appeasement came about from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.The British appeasement, which lasted into 1939, was practically a dictation of the French policy. This appeasement was motivated by the pacifism of the British population still tormented by the memories of the First World War and the feeling of guilt among the Britons towards Germany. British conservatives looked down upon Hitler and underestimated his capabilities. To them the real threat was the Soviet Union and not the Nazi. The British favored appeasement for various reasons. For one, Britain was still recovering from the diverse effects of the first war. Due to the economic problems brought about by the great depression, Britain was focusing on improving the economy rather than engaging war. Secondly, because of the weak economy, Britain had a weak military with an insufficient navy and almost no air force. In light of these problems, Neville Chamberlain, the then British Prime minister, believed that by convincing Hitler to sign an appeasement document will prevent Hitler from engaging in war with Britain. Although he had no intention of disengaging from war, his main aim was to get enough time to step up his army. Throughout this time, while France and Britain opted for appeasement; the Soviet Union remained silent watching all the developments. Quite obviously, Hitler did not keep the promise of appeasement. In 1939, although Britain and France issued ultimatums, the Nazi invaded Poland. This act forced Britain and France to declare war on Germany. These developments led to the Second World War. It is ironical that while Britain and France declared war on Germany to protect the Polish sovereignty, they did nothing inform of practical assistance to Poland. Instead of helping Poland, they attacked Germany with the aim of topplin the Nazi government. Viewed critically, the declaration of war by Britain and France on Germany was an empty gesture. NAZI-SOVIET UNION PACT By 1938, Germany was preparing for was. Adolf Hitler was hopping to capture Poland without resistance, having taken over Austria in 1938. However, he did not want a split army as was the case in the First World War when the German army split into two. Hitler was ascertained not to repeat the faults. In an effort not to fail in future wars, Germany signed an economic agreement with the Soviet Union. In the pact, the Soviet Union was to provide Germany with raw materials and food products in exchange for machineries from Germany. This pact proved essential for Germany during the Second World War. For example, the economic agreement helped Germany to bypass British blockades. Four days after the signing of the economic agreement, the two countries signed another agreement (the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact). The agreement stated that the two countries would not attack each other during the war. The Nazi-Soviet Union pact was greatly beneficial for Germany in the Second World War (Richard et al., 221). While the Nazi attacked Poland, the Soviet Union did not intervene. Also, because of the pact, the Soviet Union did not enter into any fight with Germany; consequently Germany was able to avoid two-front wars as was the case in the First World War. The terms and the protocols of this pack were kept by the Soviet Union and the Nazi until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. As independent organizations get under control and Germany regain its economic strength, Hitler collaborated with other like-minded dictators and began expanding the territory of Germany. These expansions were facilitated partly by the military strength of the Nazi army and partly by divided, uncertain, pacific regimes, which tried to buy off the Nazi and avoid war. However, despite many regimes buying off Hitler, war inevitably broke out; both in the east and in the west, for the ambitions of Hitler were unlimited. On both the east and west war fronts, Nazi solders fought successfully, creating a vast empire of destruction and death (Richard et al., 291). The expansion of the Nazi empire together with the deaths and destructions continued until October 1942. The reckless aggression by the Nazi regime lead to the creation of powerful coalitions determined to bring to an end the Nazi order. Led by the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain, the grand forces functioned efficiently in bringing down the Nazi regime. By 1943, the tide had completely turned against the Nazi and two years later, Germany was utterly defeated. Thus Hitler and the Nazi empire were short-lived. Italy was not left behind. In 1922, Mussolini seized power in Italy. Like other European dictators, Mussolini hated and wanted to destroy liberalism in Italy. Like the Soviet Unions Stalin, Mussolini begun as socialist but successfully sough the support of revolutionists and turned against the working class. Mussolinis rule was theatrical and brutal, but was not as successful as other European dictators of his time (Richard et al., 307). The dictatorship characteristic of Mussolini came into light when he rejected parliamentary government. When the opposition pressured him for reforms, Mussolini declared his desire to make Italy a fascist nation; he abolished the freedom of press, and his government ruled by decree. However, unlike the communists in the Soviet Union or the Nazi Germany, Mussolini did not succeed to establish a totalitarian state. His fascist party was not able to destroy the previous power structures like the Nazi did. Besides the Mussolini regime was not racial and did not prosecute Jews until when Italy became under Nazi control late in the Second World War. JAPANESE AGGRESSION AND CHINESE RESPONSE Meanwhile in East Asia, war was boiling between Japan and China. Between 1931 and 1937, the politics of Japan was overtaken by the military. Many incidences involving the military occurred, each undermining the development of democratic government. Many coups and assassinations were conducted. The Japanese invasion of China was one of the major events that marked Japans involvement in the wars. It was also a great step by Japan in becoming an economic giant competing with countries such as Germany, Britain and the United States. Prior to the invasion, Japan had a long history of involvement in Chinese affairs. Towards the end of the 1800s Japan and China were constantly at war for land (Iwanami, 22). Japan remained successful in the world as the only country from Asia to be economically equivalent to European countries. Japan was particularly more successful after the First World War but the great depression following the War caused Japan to suffer big economic problems. To maintain it economic stability, Japan felt that the only way was to conquer new lands to provide them with natural resources. On top of their priority were the Chinese province of Manchuria and the surrounding areas extending along the Pacific Ocean. Although not considered to be a major contributing factor, the destruction of the Japanese railway by Chinese solders in 1913 is also contributed to the invasion. When China-Japan war became eminent, political parties in Japan were emasculated and then disbanded, Japanese politics became a mi litary affair and the whole country was mobilized to accomplish the war. Upon invasion of China, the Japanese set up a false government in Manchuria. In so doing, the Japanese were able to exploit the natural resources of Manchuria and increase trade during the harsh economic times. The invasion of Manchuria was followed by the Rape of Ranking in 1938, which further weakened the Chinese government and the divided Chinese people. During these invasions, the Japanese army murdered and tortured many innocent Chinese. Popularly known as the Forgotten Holocaust, this is the main cause of animosity between china and Japan. During the war, all domestic raw materials were mobilized to develop ships and war planes. Towards the end of the war, the only priority of the Japanese government was the production of airplanes. Other light industries such as the textile factories were almost eliminated. With time, Japan realized that the natural resources coming from the yen Bloc (Manchuria, Taiwan, Korea and other parts of captured china) was not sufficient (Iwanami, 66). In order to secure more resources, Japan invaded south East Asia, beginning with French Indochina (Vietnam). This act angered the United States, which imposed asset freeze and oil embargo on Japan. Consequently, Japan began to prepare for war with the United States. Encouraged by the Nazi in Europe, the Japanese initiate the war against the US by bombing the Pearl Harbor. To the Japanese, the totalitarianism in the USSR and Germany was more superior to individualism and capitalism in America Upon the outbreak of the Pacific war, Japan attacked a wide area of South East Asia but soon began to face difficulties from the allied counter-attacks. Japanese planes and ships quickly diminished while the US developed more and more of them (Iwanami, 37). In 1945, the USSR entered there was against Japan. During the same time, the US troops had conquered most cities in Japan. Two atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima forced Japan to surrender. The main reason why Japan was defeated was the collapse of its economy for the lack of energy and inputs. Buy custom Aggression in the 1930s essay

Proposal of dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal of - Dissertation Example The methods used and the resulting output in the company can be tallied against the academic researches on requirements engineering. For this, both qualitative and quantitative research methods may be used, wherein the quantitative data can serve as statistical measure, while the qualitative data can serve as the source of in-depth â€Å"reason† analyses (Laplante, 2009, 17). The same procedure may be done with another company, like a small software company who recently conducted some market research to evaluate how customers will react to a newly proposed PC-based application, and wherein the basis of modification are the feedback from these evaluations. Again, both qualitative and quantitative research methods may be used in the requirements engineering analysis, and the results may be again tallied against the academic researches available. The results of the requirements engineering in these companies, whether positive or negative, may be analyzed against how faithful the methods used were to the academic researches on requirements engineering (Berenbach, 2009, 12). The results will give a good head start for further researches on the relationship of the output of requirements engineering in companies to how well the processes followed the academic data available. Bibliography BERENBACH, B. (2009).

Effective Managment of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Effective Managment of Change - Research Paper Example The change process was initially started by chairman Vanvelde who was employed in 2000. However, his policies remained quite successful in first 2 years i-e 2001 – 2002 but then failed to eradicate structural issues in the company. The company continued to expand its business operations in both domestic and global markets with the passage of time and diversified its business. The chairman enabled the firm to operate in new markets and improve its financial position by 2004 but internal inefficiencies had still remained a headache for strategic planners. As far as changes in the later period of 2005- 2008 is concerned, it is worthwhile to mention that M&S developed and implemented PLAN A in 2007 under guidance, supervision and leadership of Mr. Stuart Rose to eradicate structural problems and restore its competitiveness in the marketplace. The policies of Mr. Stuart helped in eradicating many management and administrative inefficiencies and restoration of employees’ confidence over strategic planners in M&A. The report will critically evaluate the overall change management and implementation process followed by a detailed SWOT analysis of Marks and Spencer in 2010. The report will also include forecasts about any future changes (and their management) and will finally end up with a conclusion. Change Management is a technique adopted by strategic planners and top managers to improve organisational efficiency, productivity and environment. The strategy is widely used as a part of Restructuring and Reengineering Program within an organisational context to ensure a discrimination organisational culture, open information sharing, shared values and experimentation so that employees can contribute more for goal accomplishment and financial gains. Our company Marks and Spencer is a leading manufacturer / producer, marketer and seller of top quality ready-made garments or apparel, shoes, food

Economic globalization and environment change Essay Example for Free

Economic globalization and environment change Essay Ever since the evolution of globalization, which began in 1990s, Asia and Europe have been benefiting with industrial success and economic development. As a matter of fact globalization is lead by United States under the leadership of WTO and United Nations. Globalization has developed a business network connectivity through Internet technology bringing global businesses to a single platform enabling exchange of goods, services and technologies. Globalization operates on predetermined success followed by global norms of business principles, bringing a change in global civil society at a macro level. Some of the benefits of globalization are, increased employment opportunities in computer technology, opportunities to commence new businesses, scope for finding new customers through Internet. Globalization is not similar to internationalization, which reinstate a fact that in order to encourage globalization, political and economic processes of nations also have to be globalized to be in tune with globalization. Globalization can be successful, only when a nation’s economic policies are globalized. This once again reinstates a fact that there is a clear and close interconnectivity between globalization and economic development of nations. Economic globalization expands businesses, industrial sector, technology sector, science and research. Economic development strengthens the financial capacity of nations whether it is through export of goods or by a rise in stock market. Certainly, there is a huge impact on global civil society who directly or indirectly, participate and reciprocate by contributing a portion of service to the nation. International global political economy (IPE or GPE) is it in any way related to globalization? In this regard, â€Å"It is generally agreed that the 1970s have seen fundamental changes in the way in which the international political economy is organized, leading to a more global approach both in IPE/GPE and environment†. (Strange 1996; Scholte, 1993; Mittleman, 1997, Lipschutz, 1996). Further, it is important to understand what the ‘global’ definition states. â€Å"the encompassing of the whole globe rather than just regions. Therefore, it would not be technically, geographically, or indeed spatially correct to use the term globalization for economic, social, or political phenomena that affect only part of the (inhabited) world, as many authors do indeed propose†. (Gabriela Kutting, 2004). The environmentalism celebrated its anniversary in the year 2002 conducted by United Nations Conference on Economic Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. This was followed by 1971 Earth Day which framed the importance of global civil society. And it was 40 years since Silent Spring (Carson 1962) began the consciousness-raising work that many now credit with the birth of environmentalism as a social movement in America. †( Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello. 2004) â€Å"The concept â€Å"global† in contemporary environmentalism remains in this respect as essentially contested as are â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"accountability† in democratic politics†. â€Å"For now the struggle to define â€Å"global† may be one of the best avenues we have for engaging in a meaningful politics of globalism. (Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello, 2004) Protecting environment is an important aspect in global perspective. Conservation of forests, protection of wildlife, natural resources, controlling population, construction of dams, transport and infrastructure of states, are some of the basic criteria of a well developed nation, for which governments allocate a portion of budget every year. Global warming is also due to the cause of excessive industrialization and industrial pollution. Glaciers are also one of the causes, to the rise of water level in seas and oceans, causing floods, cyclones or other natural disasters to environment. United Nations has particularly been following up with island states in order to minimize the impact of the UN Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In simple form to explain, economic globalization leads to emission of more hazardous industrial gas, green house gases and automobile pollution. As a result of this, the health of environment is damaged bringing new sicknesses and epidemics such as SARS to people. There is a particular concern in 21st century about protecting environment above the parameters of economic development through globalization. From the times of 1940, when the actual industrialization began in United States till the present date, when globalization and industrialization has reached its peak and is still growing at a robust rate, a significant concern has emerged about global warming and about emission of green house gases, the causes of which have to be dealt with on an emergent need, which if ignored, may further deteriorate environment in a vast measure. This discussion of economic globalization and environment change are affecting each other, and it is important to give due consideration to each issue as a separate identity i. e. economic globalization advantages, disadvantages and its impact. Similarly the changes in environment, its negative impacts and effects and how these can be prevented. Especially environmental system brings huge unforeseen losses, such as loss of human lives in Tsunami (2004), Katrina ((2005), epidemics and loss of industrial houses and businesses, and in view of these, funds for disaster management have to be adequately provided. A periodical report of economic globalization and its impact on global civil society and above all, environment change must be followed by United Nations, WTO and World Bank in order to monitor, organize globalization and environment. The present world population is crossing the limit of six billion, which reveals a fact that, it is important to protect environment for the safe and secured health of its people. Further economic development has further disadvantage with devaluation of currency and inflation. Globally accepted currency for exchange of goods and services is admittedly U.  S. Dollar. A nation’s financial strength is determined by its regional currency exchange with U. S dollar. When U. S. dollar is devalued, it has a greater impact on all those nations, which are in trade with United States. â€Å"At the beginning of 1970s, Americans faced two economic problems: declining competitiveness and rising inflation. In 1971, for the first time in the twentieth century, the United States posted a trade deficit, meaning that Americans purchased more goods from other countries than they sold to people living in those countries†. Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) Further U. S spends huge amounts on wars such as Iraq (2003) and disaster management for Katrina (2005) which further adds to the deficit of U. S. budget. These unforeseen events, lead to an excessive monetary pressure on governments resulting in deficit budget and in slowing down the growth in economy, resulting in inflation. This further puts work pressure on workers of industries to produce more output as compared to the regular working hours. Whenever there is a crisis in government, the negative impact of crisis affects its population both financially and at emotional level. â€Å"On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon confronted both problems simultaneously. To improve U. S. competitiveness, he took steps to devalue the dollar in relation to currencies in Western Europe and Japan. And to fight inflation, he introduced price and wage controls, which were designed to limit wage raises and price increases. The Nixon shocks, as these were called in Japan, marked the beginning of U. S. efforts to solve two serious economic problems†. (Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) There is financial crisis existing in all parts of the world. The World Bank and other respective regional Central Banks have been funding nations, to use funds in order to sustain financial crisis. Conclusion Protection of environment vis-a-vis economic development along with globalization are equally important for global economy whereas appropriate measures have to be considered.

A Pair of Tickets by Amy Tan Essay -- American Literature

"A Pair of Tickets" by Amy Tan In the story "A Pair of Tickets," by Amy Tan, a woman by the name of Jing-mei struggles with her identity as a Chinese female. Throughout her childhood, she "vigorously denied" (857) that she had any Chinese under her skin. Then her mother dies when Jing-Mei is in her 30's, and only three months after her father receives a letter from her twin daughters, Jing-Mei's half sisters. It is when Jing-mei hears her sisters are alive, that she and her dad take a trip overseas to meet her relatives and finally unites with her sisters. This story focuses on a woman's philosophical struggle to accept her true identity. The protagonist of the story is Jing-mei. She is a flat character who turns out to be dynamic. Throughout her life, she has been very stubborn about accepting her identity. An example of this is when she explains, "I was 15 and had a vigorously denied that I had any Chinese whatsoever under my skin" (857). She shows her dynamic characteristic at the end of the story when she finally does accept her heritage. The main conflict of this story is Jing-mei's struggle between accepting her identity based on her heritage and not on a personal image. There is no real order in which this conflict is clarified, because the climax and resolution come about at the same time. The conflict is internal due to the fact that she cannot accept her true identity. The climax comes when she finally meets her twin sisters and says, "I get beyond the gate, we run toward each other, all three of us embracing, all hesitations and expectations forgotten" (870). It is then that the resolution comes into play and "After all these years, it can finally be let go" (870). It is at that point, when she can finally a... ...Also an important quote is when she says, "But today I realize I've never really known what it means to be Chinese. I am thirty-six years old" (857). Even though she was in her 30's and still had that identity crisis, it was uplifting knowing that all it took for her to resolve that conflict was one meeting with her sisters. The story "A Pair of tickets" examines a woman who has grown up with American influence all her life and struggles to accept her true identity. Through the story you can see Jing-mei struggles with her identity for over 30 years, but it finally is resolved once she is able to meet her twin sisters that have been missing from her life for over 30 years. Works Cited Tan, Amy. â€Å"A Pair of Tickets.† The Longman Anthology of Short Fiction. Compact Edition. Ed. Dana Gioia and R.S. Gwynn. New York: Longman, 2001.

The Concept of Justice

Socrates and Aristotle both have contrasting views of the concept of justice which serves to influence their notions of an ideal constitution. The abstract, speculative ideas of Socrates will be compared and contrasted with the practical, sensory ones of Aristotle in matters concerning justice and politics. Both Aristotle and Socrates disagree with regards to the definition of justice and what qualities are attributed to a just person. According to Aristotle, a just person must follow the law and refrain from greed. In the opinion of Socrates, greed consists of taking more than what is required to survive. He stresses the importance of prudence and temperance in the lives of a just person. Aristotle, however, states that a greedy person is someone who does not understand the difference between taking what is good and what is not good. A wealthy person can also be just. Aristotle provides two different types of justice which he labels distributive and rectifactory justice. Distributive justice is concerned with the distribution of money, honour, and other resources amongst those who have a share in public organization. Equality is of the greatest importance when distributing goods. Rectifactory justice concerns transactions between individuals in which both parties mutually exchange goods or services. Through both of these means Aristotle seeks to provide justice in the written law of his polis which is devoted to the advantage of all. However, Socrates views justice as the harmonious parts of the person or of a city. A just man, therefore, is in just the right place and doing his best to perform his function. He claims that the function of a human being is deliberation, ruling, living, and taking care of things. The ideas of Aristotle differ greatly from this perspective. He states that the human function is to perform activities that express reason. Socrates views his ideal city in which every person performs his or her function. His views pertain to the community in which a person lives while Aristotle’s views are more individualistic as someone who expresses reason in his logic can do so without other people or his community. In the Republic, Socrates attempts to illustrate his views with the parable of the ship. The unjust city is like an open ocean crewed by a powerful but drunken captain (representing the ignorant common people), a group of untrustworthy advisors (politicians), and a navigator (the philosopher). The only way the ship will reach its destination, the good, is if the navigator takes charge. Philosophers, who are lovers of wisdom, should rule because they understand what is good and just. It is also the opinion of Socrates that people who have been the victims of injustice are more likely to become unjust themselves. He disagrees with the notion that returning debts owed, helping friends, and harming enemies are not suitable reasons for doing injustice: â€Å"So if someone tells us it is just to give to each what he is owed and understands by this that a just man should harm his enemies and benefit his friends, the one who says it is not wise. I mean, what he says is not true. For it has become clear to us that it is never just to harm anyone† (Plato, Republic, 335e). A wise person would understand that it is not beneficial to his soul to do injustice only to his enemies. A wise person, according to Socrates would never harm anyone. He maintains that a kind just ruler judges what is best for his people and holds their interests in greater esteem than his friends or family: â€Å"†¦ No one in any position of rule†¦ considers or enjoins what is advantageous for himself, but what is advantageous for his subjects† (Plato, Republic, 342e). A ruler who performs acts of injustice is, by nature, more prone to corruption and tyranny. In this way he gives increased support to his argument concerning philosophers as rulers of the polis. Socrates and Aristotle also differ in their opinions as to which form of government is best to rule the polis. Socrates defends the notion that the city would best be governed by the philosopher-kings; a group of people who had endured rigorous mental and physical training for the majority of their lives. They would govern together as a group or an oligarchy. Aristotle recognizes the fact that it is possible for an oligarchy to degenerate into a tyranny, which is the worst possible state. He recommends the formation of a polity or a democracy as the lesser of two evils. Socrates draws a fine line between ignorance and wisdom. It is, in fact, recognizing what one does not know from what one knows. Therefore, if one cannot recognize the virtue of justice, one must be said to be ignorant: â€Å"†¦ if justice is indeed wisdom and virtue, it will be easy to show, I suppose, that it is stronger than injustice, since injustice is ignorance† (Plato, Republic, 351a). Wisdom is undoubtedly the more esteemed when compared with ignorance and consequently justice must be better esteemed than injustice. However, Socrates is confronted with arguments in favour of injustice. He attempts to defend justice as being more profitable than injustice: â€Å"†¦ that to do injustice is naturally good and to suffer injustice bad†¦ The best is to do injustice without paying the penalty; the worst is to suffer it without taking revenge† (Plato, Republic, 358e). In other words, it is acceptable and encouraged for someone to perform acts of injustice as long as he is not found out and does not suffer the consequences. If however, an act of injustice is carried out against someone, it is the duty of the victim to take revenge on him. Socrates points out that this course of action leads only to unimportant material gain. Thrasymachus claims that committing acts of injustice without being caught is more profitable to one’s reputation and would allow one to achieve more. Socrates acknowledges that although a person engaging in injustice will most likely become wealthy in physical attributes, he lacks the fundamental virtues and characteristics of a good man. The virtue of something is the state or property that makes it good. For instance, the virtue of a man may include his intelligence, courage, or sense of justice. Justice, in this case, is a moral behaviour which is said to belong to virtuous people. Therefore, justice itself is a virtue. Thrasymachus’ argument has no merit because a man who strives to achieve more by acquiring material wealth through committing acts of injustice lacks the more esteemed virtues of wisdom and justice. It is also the opinion of Socrates that just people are happier and live better lives than unjust ones. He is, of course, talking about the happiness of the soul rather than its shell, the body. Much as the virtue of the eyes is to see and the virtue of the ears to hear, the virtue of the soul is justice: â€Å"†¦ ustice is a soul’s virtue and justice its vice† (Plato, Republic, 353e). It is more profitable for a person to be just than unjust, as he will be giving his soul its virtue and therefore living a happy life. Better is the poor man with a good just soul than the rich man who has made his wealth through vice with a tainted soul. However, it must be pointed out that although Socrates claims that justice leads to happiness, he deprives the rulers of his city of happiness, though they are supposed to be trained in justice and wisdom. As Aristotle states: â€Å"†¦ ven though Socrates deprives the guardians of their happiness, he says that the legislator should make the whole city-state happy. But it is impossible for the whole to be happy unless all, most, are some of its parts are happy† (Aristotle, Politics, 1264b). Socrates thought it was crucial that the guardians were not given the sort of happiness which would no longer make them guardians. For a potter who is given jewels and riches no longer practices the art of pottery and so is no longer considered a potter. Likewise, a guardian must not be given wealth or earthly comforts but remain content with his role. Aristotle argues that even if the guardian class is not happy, it is impossible for the craftsmen, farmers, and lower classes to be happy. Without happiness, there is no justice. Socrates also claims that just people are able to work together in order to achieve a common goal. He maintains that just people working together are able to get along without doing injustice amongst themselves: â€Å"†¦ just people are wiser and better and more capable of acting, while unjust ones are not even able to act together† (Plato, Republic, 352c). Injustice causes factions, hatreds, and quarrels among people and friends. A band of robbers with a common unjust purpose would not be able to achieve it if they are unjust amongst themselves. Injustice provides conditions in which it is impossible for people to work together. Therefore, injustice prevents the different parts of the soul from working together toward a common goal. In the case of friendship and justice, Socrates and Aristotle seem to be in mutual accord. Aristotle believes friendship and comradeship to be one of the key components of leading a good life. He viewed justice as the equitability or fairness in interpersonal relations. Virtuous habits can be acquired within a moral community which ultimately leads to a virtuous and moral life. Socrates believes that the nature of the state is analogous with the nature of the individual and the nature of the soul. The soul comprises of three key principles which he calls reason, appetite, and spirit. Justice in the individual is harmony among the principles of the soul achieved by rationality and reason. He believes that the guardians have achieved harmony within their souls and so must be considered just. Since the faculties of an individual correspond on a smaller scale to that of the state, justice must also exist in the individual. Socrates believes in unity, as expressed by his confidence in the ability of just people to work together and of the family structure in the Republic. Women and children are to be shared communally by the guardians. No one woman, child, or possession is to belong to one man but rather to be shared by the whole. The well-being of the polis is placed before the well-being of an individual. Aristotle agrees that unity needs to be present to a certain extent within a city but alleges that a man who can call something his own takes more pride in it. He loves a son he can call his own more than a boy who is a son of every man. He also takes more pride in his work when he knows that what he is producing will benefit himself and his family. Socrates claims that temperance is the path to happiness and virtue and a person should only own what he needs to live temperately. Aristotle disagrees with this notion and states that it is possible to live temperately and wretchedly; the lack of property does not necessarily lead to a good life. A good person can be good even independently of the society. However, a good person is a good citizen and a good citizen can exist only as a part of the social structure. In this way, the state is, in a sense, prior to the citizen. It is evident Socrates and Aristotle share the common belief that justice is undoubtedly more beneficial than injustice. However, their definitions of justice vary greatly. The main and most crucial difference between the perspectives of Aristotle and Socrates is their view of friendship and unity. Aristotle believes that the virtue of justice encompasses all other virtues because it treats the interactions between people rather than just the dispositions of the individual. Socrates believes that the virtue of justice is first and foremost beneficial to one’s soul. Despite their contrasting views, both Aristotle and Socrates believe that justice is one of the highest and most sought after virtues. If one is to have a good life, one must be just.

Psychology textbook Essay

I didn’t know that psychology actually had a goal until I read the introduction to Psychology textbook. I am learning a lot of new things on this subject. For instance science of psychology has four main goals and they are as listed, described, predict, understand, and mental process and influence behavior. In my own words here they are. Describing: collecting information from the population by certain targeted people. The prediction goal is self explanatory it’s mostly meant for making assumption or predictions of what will become of your study before you actually know what will happen. The third goal of psychology is Understand, in this area you never really know when the information that you learn will change the next day or even within the next year. Psychology is a continuously growing field and the information that is gathered is only considered as theories and always changes, sometimes without knowledge or notice. Lets move on to influences which in my opinion one of the most used in everyday life . for instance a toddler is encourage to learn how to walk and talk. And a teenager can be pressured into doing things and making choices that they wouldn’t originally have made without the influence from their peers. Influencing people can be good too. For instance you can be influenced by coworkers and supervisors to take an open position that they feel you would get with no problem. Another example is to get the influence to do better than you are currently doing whether it be work, school, or making a better relationship with you family. The Biology and behavior was hard for me to decide what section to write about because there were so many to choose from. I didn’t want to be wrong about this section so I decided to pick the part that stood out the most to me. I am going talk about the Nervous System. It’s a really important part of the body because it helps you maintain consciousness and your behavior. The nervous system has billions of neurons. They are too, a very important part in the body because they do things such as sending messages from one end to the other end of the neuron. They are also called wires. To show why the nervous system is a really important part of the body, I will use the wires in a radio for an example. The wires in the radio are the main connection for it to provide power to send to the wires that go throughout the radio in order to hear the sound and in for it to recognize what needs to be done when certain buttons are pressed. Without the power cord the radio would really have no use. When the power cord is plugged into a power outlet the power cord provides the ability for the radio to produce sound from the speakers. It enables the buttons to work properly so that you can press the play button on the radio and hear the tracks on a CD. The wires also give you the ability to actually hear the music that comes out of the speakers. The next topics I will mention are sensation and perception. First I will mention what sensation is, it allows your brain to connect with the outer part of your body and transfer it to the inside of your body to your brain. For example, touching things with different temperature let’s say you touch or hold ice. If you hold it the ice long enough you may begin to feel a numbing sensation and you may start getting cold or experiencing the chills or goose bumps. Another example would be touching something hot. Due to the high degrees in the object you may experience pain or even have burn marks on your skin. Now lets move on to Perception which n my words mean, getting information and making images of them. There are a few different types of perception for instance â€Å"constancy† this also has different types. But for now we will use size constancy. When you look at the very same object from different angles and distances, it may appear smaller or bigger than it really is. Picture looking at a large building out of a window on an airplane before it takes off of the ground and try watching it until you get in the sky. It will appear to be much smaller than it did when you were viewing it at a closer distance but you know the actual building didn’t get smaller, it was the distance that you were viewing it at that made it look a different size. We all must know that perception is just about the same in everyone and that’s the reason we are able to communicate with each other.

Free Essays on Case Study - When I Was Puerto Rican

Esmeralda Santiago’s autobiographically based novel When I Was Puerto Rican follows the story of Esmeralda from age four to adolescence and her journey from Puerto Rico New York. Her story begins in rural Machà ³n at age four where her and her family move to â€Å"a rectangle of rippled metal sheets on stilts hovering in the middle of a red circle of dirt† (7). Thus begins Esmeralda’s journey into a life surrounded by poverty and responsibilities. Her warring parents and seven siblings lead a life filled with chaos and caring as Esmeralda begins her trip trough childhood. Esmeralda is often expected to handle adult like responsibilities at a young age. Before she is senorita she is expected to care for the house and siblings and when she fails her mother says â€Å"you’re lazy that’s the problem. You think everything will be handed to you† (124). Despite being weighed down with responsibilities Esmeralda still manages to be bright and c reative child taking in the world around her. She is immersed in her jà ­baro culture as well as the culture of her city dwelling paternal grandparents and extended family. The pillars of Esmeralda’s young life are the ideas that a woman should never become jamona and what lo que una mujer peine que hacer are domestic and family related roles. She also learns the cultural beliefs of her various Puerto Rican environments, learning how to send a dead baby to heaven according to her mother’s beliefs and the Catholic Church as introduced by her paternal grandmother. Esmeralda is also exposed to many types of adult relationships from her philandering father, his parents, her wowing mother and an assortment of friends from the city and country. Through friends her own age Esmeralda learns of her other types of families from her own peer group. Through all these conflicting views of the world Esmeralda grows from a toddler into adolescence in Puerto Rico . Her physical and emotional growths as... Free Essays on Case Study - When I Was Puerto Rican Free Essays on Case Study - When I Was Puerto Rican Esmeralda Santiago’s autobiographically based novel When I Was Puerto Rican follows the story of Esmeralda from age four to adolescence and her journey from Puerto Rico New York. Her story begins in rural Machà ³n at age four where her and her family move to â€Å"a rectangle of rippled metal sheets on stilts hovering in the middle of a red circle of dirt† (7). Thus begins Esmeralda’s journey into a life surrounded by poverty and responsibilities. Her warring parents and seven siblings lead a life filled with chaos and caring as Esmeralda begins her trip trough childhood. Esmeralda is often expected to handle adult like responsibilities at a young age. Before she is senorita she is expected to care for the house and siblings and when she fails her mother says â€Å"you’re lazy that’s the problem. You think everything will be handed to you† (124). Despite being weighed down with responsibilities Esmeralda still manages to be bright and c reative child taking in the world around her. She is immersed in her jà ­baro culture as well as the culture of her city dwelling paternal grandparents and extended family. The pillars of Esmeralda’s young life are the ideas that a woman should never become jamona and what lo que una mujer peine que hacer are domestic and family related roles. She also learns the cultural beliefs of her various Puerto Rican environments, learning how to send a dead baby to heaven according to her mother’s beliefs and the Catholic Church as introduced by her paternal grandmother. Esmeralda is also exposed to many types of adult relationships from her philandering father, his parents, her wowing mother and an assortment of friends from the city and country. Through friends her own age Esmeralda learns of her other types of families from her own peer group. Through all these conflicting views of the world Esmeralda grows from a toddler into adolescence in Puerto Rico . Her physical and emotional growths as...

The May Revolution in Argentina

The May Revolution in Argentina In May of 1810, word reached Buenos Aires that the King of Spain, Ferdinand VII, had been deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte. Rather than serve the new King, Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon’s brother), the city formed its own ruling council, essentially declaring itself independent until such time as Ferdinand could reclaim the throne. Although initially an act of loyalty to the Spanish crown, the â€Å"May Revolution,† as it came to be known, was eventually a precursor to independence. The famous Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires is named in honor of these actions. Viceroyalty of the River Platte The lands of the eastern southern cone of South America, including Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Paraguay, had been steadily growing in importance for the Spanish crown, mostly because of revenues from the lucrative ranching and leather industry in the Argentine pampas. In 1776, this importance was recognized by the establishment of a Viceregal seat in Buenos Aires, the Viceroyalty of the River Platte. This elevated Buenos Aires to the same status as Lima and Mexico City, although it was still much smaller. The wealth of the colony had made it a target for British expansion. Left to Its Own Devices The Spanish were correct: the British had their eye on Buenos Aires and the rich ranching land it served. In 1806-1807 the British made a determined effort to capture the city. Spain, its resources drained from the devastating loss at the Battle of Trafalgar, was unable to send any help and the citizens of Buenos Aires were forced to fight off the British on their own. This led many to question their loyalties to Spain: in their eyes, Spain took their taxes but did not hold up their end of the bargain when it came to defense. The Peninsular War In 1808, after helping France overrun Portugal, Spain was itself invaded by Napoleonic forces. Charles IV, King of Spain, was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand, in turn, was taken prisoner: he would spend seven years in luxurious confinement in the Chà ¢teau de Valenà §ay in central France. Napoleon, wanting someone he could trust, put his brother Joseph on the throne in Spain. The Spanish despised Joseph, nicknaming him â€Å"Pepe Botella† or â€Å"Bottle Joe† because of his alleged drunkenness. Word Gets Out Spain desperately tried to keep news of this disaster from reaching its colonies. Since the American Revolution, Spain had kept a close eye on its own New World holdings, fearing that the spirit of independence would spread to its lands. They believed that the colonies needed little excuse to cast off Spanish rule. Rumors of a French invasion had been circulating for some time, and several prominent citizens were calling for an independent council to run Buenos Aires while things got sorted out in Spain. On May 13, 1810, a British frigate arrived in Montevideo and confirmed the rumors: Spain had been overrun. May 18-24 Buenos Aires was in an uproar. Spanish Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros de la Torre pleaded for calm, but on May 18, a group of citizens came to him demanding a town council. Cisneros tried to stall, but the city leaders would not be denied. On May 20, Cisneros met with the leaders of the Spanish military forces garrisoned in Buenos Aires: they said they would not support him and encouraged him to go ahead with the town meeting. The meeting was first held on May 22 and by May 24, a provisional ruling junta which included Cisneros, Creole leader Juan Josà © Castelli, and commander Cornelio Saavedra was created. May 25 The citizens of Buenos Aires did not want former Viceroy Cisneros to continue in any capacity in the new government, so the original junta had to be disbanded. Another junta was created, with Saavedra as president, Dr. Mariano Moreno, and Dr. Juan Josà © Paso as secretaries, and committee members Dr. Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuà ©naga, Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Dr. Juan Josà © Castelli, Domingo Matheu, and Juan Larrea, most of whom were creoles and patriots. The junta declared itself rulers of Buenos Aires until such time as Spain was restored. The junta would last until December 1810, when it was replaced by another one. Legacy May 25 is the date celebrated in Argentina as the Dà ­a de la Revolucià ³n de Mayo, or May Revolution Day. Buenos Aires famous Plaza de Mayo, today known for protests by family members of those who disappeared during Argentinas military regime (1976-1983), is named for this turbulent week in 1810. Although it was intended as a show of loyalty to the Spanish crown, the May Revolution actually started the process of independence for Argentina. In 1814 Ferdinand VII was restored, but by then Argentina had seen enough of Spanish rule. Paraguay had already declared itself independent in 1811. On July 9, 1816, Argentina formally declared independence from Spain, and under the military leadership of Josà © de San Martà ­n was able to defeat Spains attempts to retake it. Source: Shumway, Nicolas. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1991.

Case Study- Applied Research skills subject Assignment

Case Study- Applied Research skills subject - Assignment Example Mr. Abdulla would be required to collect data from all the machine operators on their efficiency and also make observations on the amounts of fumes being emitted by the factory at the same time. The observations will be dependent on the levels of efficiency of the machines. These, therefore, would only mean that the type of unit of analysis being used in this study is the individual. Individual unit of analysis will allow Mr Abdulla to have an understanding of the fumes emitted by each of the machines, which forms the main reason for the individual as a choice of unit of analysis. Individual unit of analysis will also ensure that data would be obtained from every machine operator so as to get the levels of efficiency and the levels of fume production under each state. Having the results on each of the machines will allow the researcher to understand machine efficiency in comparison with fumes

Applied Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applied Economics - Essay Example Concerning the four countries in question it is evident that the rate of growth of the Gross domestic product varies from one country to another (The world bank, 2014). Based on the comparison among the four countries it is apparent that a high volume of Money at LCU corresponds with a low gross domestic product and a low volume of money at LCU corresponds with a high gross domestic product. Money at LCU is one of the significant economic indicators since it refers to the money that is in circulation (Econstats, 2014). In this case, financial transaction tax will have a direct impact on the money at LCU. In this case, financial transaction tax will lead to a decrease for money at LCU. Based on the relationship between money at LCU and GDP a reduction in the money at LCU will raise the rate of GDP for a given country. Consequently, this will have a reduction in money at LCU will lead to reduction in inflation since it will reduce the spending habits of residents in a country. On the o ther hand, an increased local currency unit volume will increase money supply, which may lead to inflation (Eisenstein, C. 2011, 295). In conclusion, an analysis of the four data variables Inflation, money at its local currency unit (LCU), and revenue collected form tax and the gross domestic product outlines that financial transaction tax can have an impact on the economy of a country. Because financial transaction tax can regulate the money supply of a country, it can have an effect on the economic activities of a country. As a result, financial transaction tax can be used to stabilize economic conditions of a

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Study skills - Essay Example In the backdrop of this, we shall take an in-depth view of some the policies that Mayor Johnson has proposed for the City of London, in particular those that address environmental concerns. Additionally, we shall review the powers and responsibilities of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London so that we may understand their scope in administrative matters. A thorough scrutiny of some of polices stipulated by the mayor shall also be reviewed in this essay. One of the main responsibilities of Mayor Johnson is to promote economic development and creation of wealth. Being the executive of the strategic authority of London, the mayor is mandated to ensure that there are avenues for job creation and a good atmosphere for doing business. Availability of jobs and the abundance of business opportunities open up room for economic development in the city. The mayor is also mandated to create policies and strategic plans to address transportation, development and planning, environmental issues, health, economic development, culture and housing issues. With the aid of bodies mandated to carry out specific functions, such as Transport for London, the mayor is able to implement these policies. Appointment of board members of the different functional bodies such as London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority is often done by the mayor. These bodies have specific roles that address different development issues, such as crime and transportation. In addition to this, he can appoint a chair to these boards or chair the boards himself, like he has done with the Metropolitan Police Authority and the Transport of London (Beatley, 2012). As the executive, the mayor sets out annual budgets for funding services in London. This is often done by funding bodies that provide such services. These include; Transport for London, Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), London Development Agency (LDA),

Monarchy In United Kingdom Essay Example for Free

Monarchy In United Kingdom Essay At an estimated cost of  £202 million a year the British monarchy is the most expensive in Europe and is more than double the cost of the Dutch monarchy.  £202.4 million is equivalent to the cost of 9,560 nurses, 8,200 police officers and more than the total annual Ministry of Defence spending on food (Royal Finances, 2012). What we really have to question is, is it worth it? What do we, as British citizens, gain from paying for such an expensive monarchy when the money could be spent on nursing, policing or the Ministry of Defence? Many believe that the monarchy has run its course and is no longer beneficial to our modern day society; whilst others feel that the monarchy is a symbol of Britain and our patriotic pride. Supporters of the monarchy would argue that the monarchy is one of Britain’s key features to its tourism industry, with nearly four million people visiting the palaces last year, supplying many citizens with temporary seasonal jobs to meet their demands (should Britain scrap the monarchy, 2012). However 2010 online statistics from Visit Britain reveal there are no monarchy related attractions in Britain’s top ten tourist attractions (top 10 English tourist attractions, 2010). This suggests that the British tourism industry could survive without the monarchy and possibly even increase as tourists would be granted full access to Buckingham palace. Currently Buckingham palace is not open to tourists all year round, and when it is the public are only allowed to see a few of the rooms. Therefore if the palace was open all year round, tourist visits could potentially increase. This could generate more revenue and potentially create jobs which may help our country out of the recession (Tourism, 2010). To further support the case that tourism may not be affected, we only have to look at other countries throughout the world. From the 2011 data found by the United Nations World Tourism Organization, we can see that out of the five most visited countries in the world which are France, USA, China, Spain and Italy only Spain has a monarchy (Rosenberg, 2011). For that reason alone we could argue that having no monarchy might not affect our tourism revenue in a negative manner at all, it just further highlights the unnecessary cost of maintaining British monarchy. Without the monarchy in place we would become a republican nation with a president in power. Statistics have revealed that the British monarchy is nearly 112 times more expensive to run than the Irish presidential system and more than twice as expensive as the French semi-presidential system (Royal finances,  2012). This is perhaps further evidence to illustrate that the monarchy is an unnecessary expense, and we should possibly head towards becoming a republican nation with a president who has earned the right to be there; and not just had the power handed to them through hereditary links. Graham Smith (2010), the chief executive of â€Å"Republic†, which campaigns for a democratic alternative to the monarchy believes that the monarchy should be abolished, as hereditary links to the throne are not justifiable. He said in an article online at CNN. â€Å"Were supposed to be a democratic society, in a democratic society there is no room for a head of state who is put there for life and by birth. A hereditary monarch has no place in a society that believes we the people should be in charge.† Power is something that should be earned and whoever is in charge should have the right credentials to exercise power. If power is just handed down to somebody how do we know they are capable of the task in hand? Our current system with a monarchy in place is very out-dated and many other commonwealth countries, for example Australia, are now looking at abolishing the monarchy and becoming a republican nation. The argument here is perhaps it is time for us to look at doing the same and hand over the power to an individual who has earned the right to be there. Many people are strongly of the belief that the monarchy should be abolished and Graham Smith (2010) of the ‘Republic’ asks a very good question â€Å"After 60 years who can quote a famous speech or point to a moment of crisis or celebration when the queen offered leadership and inspiration?† This is the question many people may be asking, and using to question why the monarchy should not be abolished. Although republicans will point towards this to back the abolishment of the monarchy there are many reasons to support the monarchy and not abolish it. The monarchy is a symbol of Britain and with this comes a feeling of great pride and history. In a BBC poll in 2007 80% of people said they wanted to retain the monarchy. This shows how much the monarchy really means to Britain as a nation and symbolises the pride the nation feels towards the monarchy (Should Britain scrap the monarchy, 2012). The monarchy is not just symbolised across Britain, the British monarchy has a world-wide respected status of authority and symbolises nationhood and stability. Without the monarchy in place many monarchists would argue that the country would lose some of its pride and respect throughout the world; they question whether a president would really command the same respect as  the royal family? The respect the monarchy has throughout the world creates good relations with other countries through st ate visits. This is vital in many of our country’s business deals and probably would not be possible with a president in place (Should Britain scrap the monarchy, 2012). The British public have a low perception of and a general disliking for politicians and this would be a disadvantage of a presidential system. The general view of monarchists on politicians is that they have one path minds, their way is always correct and they are only interested in their own personal gains (Heffer, 2011). However, the queen is viewed as a neutral figurehead and brings a level of balance and equality into society where the democratic aspects appear corrupt and full of scandal. We only have to look at the recent expense scandals that tarnished the government to see this. From this we can question: is this really how we want our country run? I imagine the majority of people would answer this with a â€Å"no†. Although there are many good points from tourism statistics that back the abolition, there are also statistics that are in favour of the monarchy, in relation to tourism. Perhaps the country would increase its revenue from tourist attractions alone without a monarchy. However, those statistics do not take into account the royal events that bring millions of pounds into the British economy. The royal wedding in 2011 generated an approximate revenue of  £1-2 billion, and with over two billion estimated television viewers worldwide it shows the popularity of our monarchy throughout the world (Impact on British economy, 2011). With a president in place it is unlikely that you would achieve figures like this for a â€Å"president’s wedding†, it doesn’t have the same appeal. The queen’s diamond jubilee also had a massive boost on the UK economy with a boost of  £409 million. Monarchists would argue that these figures alone are enough to keep the monarchy in place as it out-weighs the counter argument provided by republicans. Overall, after viewing arguments for and against the abolishment of the monarchy, I believe the monarchy should not be abolished. I believe this because without it the country would lose a lot of its worldwide respect. The queen is a symbol of our authority throughout history and commands respect which I feel could not be achieved with a president in place. Whilst everything in society appears corrupt why should we trust a democratic system that would have a president with his own interests at heart? Throughout all of the government’s recent scandals the  monarchy has remained a figure of respect and portrays this image across the world. I do agree with some of the arguments to abolish the monarchy, for example power should be earned not passed down through hereditary links. Nevertheless even though the throne is handed down to them, royalty spend all their lives preparing for the tasks they are required to do. With the inheritance of the throne they also inherit the worldwide respect and I believe that could not be earned by a president. Taking these views into consideration I believe the monarchy should remain intact, and should do for a long time to come.

Dracula Essay -- essays research papers

Violence and Power Within Dracula's Grasp Throughout many types of literature, violence exists to enhance the readers interest in order to add a sense of excitement or conflict to a novel. This statement withholds much truthfulness due to the fact that without violence in a piece of literature such as Dracula by Bram Stoker, the plot would not have the same impact if it was lacking violence. Dracula's power and evilness led to the violent happenings which began with the conflict of Jonathan's inner struggle, as compared to the conflict which blossomed later on with good versus evil. One case of violence that had occurred, not just for its own sake, happened in chapter seven, where it stated in the log of the "Demeter", "On 14 July was somewhat anxious about crew. Men all steady fellows, who sailed with me before. Mate could not make out what was wrong; they only told him there was something, and crossed themselves. Mate lost temper with one of them that day and struck him. Expected fierce quarrel, but all was quiet"(pg.87). Therefore, this type of violence rarely ever occurred before; thus, this action was foreshadowing evil. Eventually, this evil took place when poor old Mr. Swales was found dead with his neck broken. Mina Murry wrote in her journal about the incident, "...poor old Mr. Swales was found dead this morning on our seat, his neck being broken. He had evidently, as the doctor sa...

Description of Croquet The Internet Essay

In Victorian England, the game croquet was a completely neutral area where social ranking and gender did not matter, and about which people could interact without inhibition. For the past few years, it has been the goal of a research team of bright and visionary industry gurus, namely, Julian Lombardi, Mark McCahill, Andreas Raab, David Reed, and David Smith, to capture that sense of interactivity and bring it to the Internet. Their tool for doing so is Croquet, an open-source software system where information can be shared and converted into a three-dimensional framework. In the current paper, I intend to briefly define Croquet, present its applications and impact on cyberspace, and expound on its regulability and sociability as discussed by Lessig and Castells. Description of Croquet The Internet, for all its information and supposed interactivity, existed only as what Lombardi described as a â€Å"high-speed textbook†. Even though speed and quality of the hardware has improved drastically, the medium is still the same: information is displayed as if it was on a sheet of paper. Croquet developers tried to solve this problem and finally showed how they were making the Internet do its job differently. They opened with a 3-D courtyard dubbed the â€Å"Cirque du Croquet†. Croquet is focused on interaction within a 3D shared space and is a new open source computer operating system built from the ground up to enable deep collaboration among teams of users (Smith, Kay, Raab, & Reed, 2003). As such, it is fundamentally based on user space and users’ needs. Applications of Croquet Personally, I find it hard to imagine this 3D space as a true day-to-day working environment. It seems a bigger leap from the milestone we made from evolving from paper-based print to green screen interfaces, and from those old green screens to Windows. Then again, I am quite certain that it is not that big a leap to the generations that have been brought up with intense exposure to computer games in 3D environments – in stark contrast against Super Mario 2, Tetris, or Pac Man. I am willing to believe that this represents a valid scenario for the next shift— indeed, we have only been through a few generations of this web world, and the change continues to be markedly rapid. Inside Croquet, each avatar can make changes – move a virtual mirror, make changes to a document or spreadsheet, upload a picture and play a game of chess – and all of the changes are displayed to the other person in real time. Moreover, users can build a completely new space and move into it using arrow keys and the mouse. This new space can be either public or private, and users can place more information or graphics or even the link to an invisible page inside. Croquet’s 3D makeup also allows for more flexibility than existing online systems. Since windows can be tilted for a 360-degree view, it provides a perspective angle of flash animation. Basic paint programs can also render a new figure inside the software easily, as Lombardi (n. d. ) demonstrated by drawing a crude shark, which was instantly visible in a 3-D fishtank instantly. For a practical example, I Croquet may possibly be applied in a hospital setting. Croquet’s interactivity would be useful in fields like healthcare where poor communication is a major issue. A virtual tool like Croquet would give physicians a different way of organizing their information and test it out, while at the same time communicating with other doctors and modifying the data collectively. Moreover, since Croquet was designed as a highly modifiable environment, developers may intend and be able to add new tools and capabilities. Cyberspace Cyberspace is about making a different (or second) life (Lessig, 2006 – ensure that this is indicated in the references page). Croquet is basically Second Life, and much more. From an optimistic viewpoint, Croquet can be a private network. In other words, only those you want in your space can get in there. On the other hand, Second life sometimes violates the right of privacy of users by requiring them give their information to third party sources. Secondly, Croquet is probably more eye candy than anything else, but there are live snapshots of other virtual environments. This is the equivalent of bookmarks, but live pictures of what is going on at those other places. It would be great since the user would be privy about other people’s whereabouts without having to actually go there. In fact, Tanaka (2003) has expounded on this feature of Croquet, presenting it as an effectual means of processing hypermedia. He has specifically explored the concept of portals that pose strong promise in buiilding digital libraries of the future. In addition, in contrast with HTML, Croquet allows the viewing of spaces by users, and the movement of such portals. Users may also use these portals as bookmarks, allowing the memorization of this target space (Tanaka, 2003, p. 2). Lastly, Croquet is a complete 3D workspace that allows for co-creativity, knowledge sharing and deep social presence among large numbers of people at a time (Tanaka, 2003). On the other hand, from pessimistic view, I am worried about the ease of use of Croquet. Yes, the people who designed it could navigate and get around, but it looks a bit more complicated than Second Life. There are certain questions that are left unanswered at this point. For instance, are there logs of everything that happens? What about the ability to lock down certain aspects of the world. If every user can manipulate and change an environment can a student accidentally/deliberately delete a world a teacher creates? The answers to these questions point to aspects of control that must be explicitly answered, whilst the advantages of Croquet seem apparent. The degree of control that a user has on these powerful aspects of Croquet may partly determine how aptly users will utilize it. Regulability One other issue of the effectuality of Croquet is its regulability. For instance, the creation of â€Å"open† and globally scalable social computing spaces can cause some to ask the following: To what extent will we need to impose â€Å"rules† on people’s behaviors in such spaces? What types of â€Å"rules† are necessary? Who will come up with such â€Å"rules† and how will they be enforced? How can we find a balance between personal liberty and the need for regulating behaviors in â€Å"open† cyberspaces? These are but some of the sensitive issues that have to be explicitly dealt with before the full, successful launch of Croquet is possible. Life in cyberspace is regulated primarily through the code of cyberspace (Lessig, 2006). I think Croquet as it is being developed now does not have regulability as a central concern. However, over time, if Croquet spreads and increases in popularity, users will begin to realize the importance of and build regulability back in. Croquet’s users/developers may freely share, modify and view the source code of the entire system. In other words, users can make their own regulability in their worlds. The single biggest reason why Croquet will become the future operating system is that the users can run and modify the code that the worlds are built on and they can integrate their own application. While Croquet seems to be the perfect tool for encouraging knowledge sharing and creativity, a structure for regulating it must be clearly defined to be able to ensure its success. There may be areas that seem vague at the moment, including the rules that should regulate it, the enforcing parties, and the level of control that the system must accorded to its users. The fact that regulability seems to rely solely on the hands of users may be both risky and dangerous – and is an aspect that must be seriously dealt with by the system’s advocates. Sociability The spread of Internet is making social exchanges based on fake identities and role-playing (Castells, 2001 – make sure this source is indicated in your bibliography). Those of us who have participated heavily in online communities over the years have substantial experience in dealing with imposters, forgers, and the ever-present anonymous cowards who can disrupt meaningful discourse. Effective online educational environments must be efficiently insulated from such craft. The Croquet project team is looking into integrating federated identity management system. By doing so, Croquet users who use their own institutional login/password could access protected resources in Croquet places that are hosted by other communities. Federate identity management system would provide numerous benefits to the educational and institutional use of Croquet. For example, multiple institutions could cooperate in creating restricted access learning environments in which students and educators from those institutions could interact and learn – without the need for each institution to set up an account for all the users of such spaces. A side benefit of this is that Fair Use limitation provisions on copyright laws would allow copyrightable materials to be distributed in such spaces – a feature that is really important to educators (and is probably one of the main reasons that academic institutions employ the use of cumbersome Course Management Systems over plain old websites, blogs, and wikis). Conclusion The current paper began with a brief introduction of Croquet, presenting it as a new soft ware that allows users to interact within a three-dimensional shared space, and which seems to be tailor fit to user space and their needs. This new software will allow each avatar to make changes that shall be displayed in 3D format, in real time. Croquet also holds promise to settings that require intensive interactivity, such as in hospital settings – the software prospectively allows doctors to communicate and change data collaboratively. Both the negative and positive aspects of Croquet as a channel in cyberspace has been presented. On a positive note, it may be used as a private network, an effective hypermedia processor, and a channel that encourages knowledge sharing, creativity and interaction. On the other hand, it may pose risks against users’ right to privacy, and has obvious ambivalent problems with regards to regulability and sociability. In our library and information space, we can see how our special information expertise contributes to the success of our users and the teams we work in and with. If Croquet is inevitable, we had better be early adopters. In order to use this Croquet scenario effectively, in our own visioning sessions, we can use it as a framework to think about what our future workspaces, offices, and intranets will look like. What skills will we need? What skills do we already have that will increase in importance? How can information be delivered in this environment? How do we increase our relevance in this kind of space? Good questions and ones that we should struggle to understand now and not much later when we have already been immersed in the wave of change. References Lombardi, J. (n. d. ) Socio-computational systems, virtual environments, learning contexts, and the Croquet Project. Retreived on January 31, 2008 from http://jlombardi. blogspot. com Smith, D. , Kay, A. , Raab, A. , & Reed, P. (2003). Croquet – a collaboration system architecture. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 2. Tanaka, K. (2003). Tea-time museum: Croquet as a browsing and searching environment for digital libraries. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 12.